The Labour Market, Employment and The Strength of The Bahamas Economy

Employment and the Labour Market in The Bahamas

The job market in The Bahamas should be more occupied with Bahamian labor than foreign ones, and the Bahamian middle class must be reinforced to make The Bahamas more economically balanced

By Jamal Moss
Nassau, The Bahamas

The challenges of Bahamian labor markets comprise various complex issues that affect the strength of its economy.  This article delves into one of the issues that is critical - measures to build up the middle class in the wake of taxation and inflation.  Thus, this issue is noted, and corresponding gradual commonsense changes are suggested, considering the nature of the Bahamian labor market and possible directions for its development. 

Strengthening the Middle Class

The current economic climate shows that the middle class faces hardships as taxes and inflation rates continue to rise in The Bahamas.  These costs, such as housing, medical care, food, and other essentials, burden middle-income earners and slow their income growth.  Increased taxes for middle-income earners and small business owners intensify the financial challenges.  The government needs to enact policies that reduce the tax burden, tame inflation, encourage the construction of affordable housing for its population and solve the problem of rather costly health care.

Offering tax credits for small businesses, decreasing barriers to underestimating small companies, and assisting development in the middle class contribute to the economy's steady growth.

Solutions

1. Prudent tax incentives are required to lower critical costs for middle-income earners and small businesses.  Broadening the base means decreasing the VAT rates on food and other necessary products and services that affect citizens' daily lives. 

2. Support in the form of tax credits for homeownership and education costs can further ease the burden on family spending and make more provisions for their future.  Further, tax incentives for small businesses will ensure that they operate, thus creating employment opportunities for the country’s citizens.

3. An affordable housing project is needed so that more middle-income earners can own houses.  The price for constructing affordable housing projects can be lowered through government grants or by providing soft loans for first-time home buyers.  Success in mortgage approval and a decrease in down payments shall continue to ease homeownership.  It also helps with the stability and financial side of the family.  It also helps with the economy, not to mention the expansion of home builders and services that result from the increase in home construction.

4. The general welfare of the income earners will need to address issues that affect inflation and, consequently, the cost of living.  Sherman (2022) states in the Nassau Guardian that there is a possibility of maintaining stable prices and thus avoiding inflation by controlling and setting the prices of the goods and services necessary for the population.  Simplifying the expected price range with the help of introducing ceilings or floors for prices for foodstuffs, medications, and utilities can make the profile more affordable.  Measures, such as removing VAT off medical services, will reduce healthcare costs and reduce pressure on the financial burden.  It will improve local production, reduce importation, ensure the stability of prices, and create employment opportunities through the grants, loans, and venture and technical support that will be rendered to the business.

Awareness creation among members of the public in these areas of financial management, investment, and the available government assistance will equip middle-income earner families with the knowledge and thus help them be in good standing to face the present economic challenging hard times.

Conclusion

The brain drain issue should be addressed continuously and practiced to achieve justice.  The job market should be more occupied with Bahamian labor than foreign ones, and the middle class must be reinforced to make The Bahamas more economically balanced.  By funding education, implementing sound policies and policies, and deploying other specialized measures, employment in The Bahamas can be made to serve the interests of all its citizens.  A detailed planning process integrated with stakeholders can ensure that progressive improvements are brought to enhance the online education system, hence improving economic growth and security.

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The Enduring Impact of Colonial Governance Structures on Post-colonial States

The persistence of political clientelism, nepotism, and bureaucratic inefficiency in The Bahamas and the wider region can be traced back to their colonial past, where these practices were instrumental in maintaining control over the population...

The Enduring Legacy of Colonial Bureaucracy in Post-Colonial States: A Comparative Analysis of CARICOM, The Bahamas, Singapore, and India

By Dr. Kevin J. Turnquest Alcena
Nassau, NP, The Bahamas
Refreshed Date: 03 September, 2024

Abstract

This paper explores the enduring effects of colonial governance structures on post-colonial states, with a particular focus on The Bahamas and the wider Caribbean Community (CARICOM), alongside Singapore and India. The study contrasts the experiences of these former British colonies, highlighting how each region has navigated its colonial legacy. While Singapore and India have successfully reformed their colonial systems to foster economic growth and political stability, many CARICOM nations, including The Bahamas, remain entrenched in bureaucratic and nepotistic frameworks that stifle innovation and development. The paper further investigates the role of political clientelism, nepotism, overregulation, and other colonial-era practices in maintaining these legacies across CARICOM, and offers insights into potential pathways for reform.

Introduction

The legacy of colonialism continues to shape the political, economic, and social landscapes of many post-colonial states, particularly in the Caribbean. The Bahamas and other member states of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM) provide compelling case studies of how colonial governance structures can persist long after independence, resulting in political systems characterized by nepotism, bureaucratic inefficiency, and a lack of innovation. This paper contrasts these CARICOM states with other former British colonies, such as Singapore and India, which have successfully transitioned away from colonial governance models, fostering robust economic growth and political stability.

A Stern Charge to the Politicians of CARICOM

Nation-building in the Caribbean is hampered by various socio-political factors, chief among them being political clientelism, which often teeters on the edge of democracy by default. This issue, deeply embedded in the fabric of Caribbean politics, has exacerbated poverty across the region, a phenomenon noted by scholars such as Hinds (2018) and Lewis (2007). Nepotism and the "big shot" syndrome further entrench this quagmire, stalling meaningful progress and perpetuating decadence in governmental hierarchies (Premdas, 1996).

A closer examination of Guyana, Jamaica, and Haiti reveals the stark failures of political structures with no immediate remedies in sight. CARICOM, the regional body established to foster economic integration and political cooperation, has been largely ineffective. Scholars like Payne and Sutton (2001) have argued that CARICOM's institutional framework is weak, and its successes are limited, with The Bahamas and Cuba being the few exceptions. An example, after the Cuban revolution in 1959 Cuba has established over 3,000 institutions that are still benefiting the Cuban population today, such as science, education, medicine and healthcare. In the case of The Bahamas we still maintain our dollar on par with the US— The Bahamas is coupled with debt, bureaucracy and overregulation. The underlying cause of this failure is political clientelism—a systemic issue that we, as Caribbean nations, must acknowledge and address.

In this critical juncture of Bahamian development, it is imperative to distinguish between politics and development. The bureaucratic system, particularly in developing countries, including those in the Caribbean, has strangled national development. This is evident in the works of scholars such as Girvan (2010), who critiques the bureaucratic paralysis that plagues the region's governance structures.

Colonial Legacy and Political Clientelism in CARICOM

One of the most significant issues facing post-colonial states like those in CARICOM is the persistence of political clientelism. This system, where political leaders use state resources to secure the loyalty of clients, often at the expense of broader national interests, is deeply rooted in colonial practices. In countries like The Bahamas, this has resulted in a political environment where nepotism thrives, and decisions are often made based on personal connections rather than merit. The issue of political clientelism is not unique to The Bahamas; it pervades the entire CARICOM region, severely hampering development efforts.

Bureaucracy and Overregulation in CARICOM

The colonial legacy in CARICOM is also evident in the pervasive bureaucracy that hinders economic development and innovation. British colonial administration was known for its rigid and hierarchical structures, designed to maintain control over the colony's population. This bureaucratic culture has persisted in many CARICOM nations, where red tape and overregulation are common complaints among businesses and investors. Similar to The Bahamas, other CARICOM states have inherited complex bureaucratic systems from their colonial past, often criticized for inefficiency and corruption. While some nations like Jamaica have made efforts to reform their bureaucracies, progress remains uneven across the region.

Comparative Analysis: CARICOM vs. Singapore and India

Singapore, India, and the CARICOM nations provide a striking contrast in how post-colonial states can either transcend or remain trapped by their colonial legacies. Singapore's success in overcoming its colonial past can be attributed to its emphasis on meritocracy, strong legal institutions, and a strategic focus on economic development. India, while facing significant challenges in its post-colonial journey, has also made notable progress in reforming its governance structures, particularly through economic liberalization and the strengthening of democratic institutions. On the other hand, many CARICOM nations, including The Bahamas, have struggled to move beyond their colonial inheritance, with political and economic systems that reflect the same inefficiencies and corruption that characterized the colonial era.

The difference in outcomes between these former colonies underscores the importance of institutional reform in the post-colonial context. While Singapore and India have made strides in implementing reforms that foster growth and stability, CARICOM continues to grapple with the challenges of political clientelism, nepotism, and overregulation.

A Critical View on CARICOM's Single Market Initiative

The idea of a "single market" for the Caribbean is flawed, as the dynamics of global capitalism and the liquidity of global capital are too complex for CARICOM to manage effectively. Scholars like Worrell (2008) have critiqued the overly ambitious nature of the single market initiative, pointing out that the European Union, despite its vast resources, continues to struggle with its common market vision. The EU's challenges, despite its historical development and financial superiority, underscore the futility of a similar initiative in the Caribbean.

Foreign investment decisions are typically based on specific national criteria rather than regional affiliations. This reality undermines the rationale for a CARICOM common market. As pointed out by Alleyne and Ivey (2014), investors are primarily concerned with factors such as geographic location, amenities, safety, legal integrity, and the robustness of financial markets—all of which vary significantly across Caribbean nations.

Given these complexities, the suggestion of hemispherical integration—political and judicial rather than purely economic—is worthy of consideration. Political and judicial integration could lay a stronger foundation for future trade agreements, avoiding the pitfalls that doomed NAFTA, which lacked a political instrument to prevent multinational exploitation (Pastor, 2001).

The Bahamas, by refraining from joining a CARICOM single market economy, has positioned itself as a potential leader in the region. The Christie Administration's decision reflects an understanding of the nuances of market forces in a small economy and offers a pragmatic approach to resolving the region's economic and social challenges (Bethell, 2017). The Bahamas can best serve the region by sharing its insights on market economies, emphasizing that size and arrogance are not synonymous with success.

Conclusion

The experience of CARICOM highlights the enduring impact of colonial governance structures on post-colonial states. The persistence of political clientelism, nepotism, and bureaucratic inefficiency across the region can be traced back to its colonial past, where these practices were instrumental in maintaining control over the population. In contrast, Singapore's success in breaking free from its colonial legacy, and India's ongoing efforts to reform its inherited systems, demonstrate the potential for growth and stability when a nation is able to reimagine its governance structures. For CARICOM to move forward, significant reforms are necessary to reduce bureaucracy, promote meritocracy, and create environments that encourage innovation and investment. The continued reform efforts in India should serve as a model, focusing on further reducing bureaucratic inefficiencies and tackling political clientelism to sustain its growth trajectory.

Source

Works Cited

Alleyne, Dillon, and Stephen Ivey. Economic Policy in the Caribbean: The Impact on Growth and Development. Palgrave Macmillan, 2014.

Bethell, John. "Ethics and Accountability in the Caribbean: The Case of The Bahamas." Commonwealth and Comparative Politics, vol. 55, no. 3, 2017, pp. 398-414.

Girvan, Norman. CARICOM: The Struggle for Economic Integration. Ian Randle Publishers, 2010.

Harsch, Ernest. Africa’s Governance Crisis: Failures and Opportunities. Palgrave Macmillan, 2001.

Hinds, David. Ethnopolitics and Power Sharing in Guyana: History and Discourse. New Academia Publishing, 2018.

Lewis, Gordon K. Main Currents in Caribbean Thought: The Historical Evolution of Caribbean Society in Its Ideological Aspects. University of Nebraska Press, 2007.

Payne, Anthony, and Paul Sutton. Charting Caribbean Development. Macmillan Caribbean, 2001.

Pastor, Robert A. Toward a North American Community: Lessons from the Old World for the New. Peterson Institute, 2001.

Premdas, Ralph R. Ethnicity and Identity in the Caribbean: Decolonization and Cultural Diversity. University of the West Indies Press, 1996.

Worrell, DeLisle. "The Single Economy and the Caribbean Single Market and Economy." Caribbean Development Bank, 2008.

Does A Picture Really Tells A Thousand Words?

Dennis Dames Picture of Many Words

DAD Words in Picture

By Dennis Arthur Dames

Nassau, NP, The Bahamas

A bona fide picture of me which says many fitting words of love, and positive vibrations.  It is an actual image of a merry life with the esteemed tribe - that is greatly valued and appreciated.

This admired picture of me depicts a dedicated soul in peaceful balance and in harmony with the divine outdoors.  I'm rightfully endorsing nutritious family life and closeness.  I'm living in the love of God, I am celebrating the upliftment of family time, as I am in the wonderful company of very pleasant friends, neighbours and well-wishes.

I'm openly revealing my bounteous gratitude in the faithful exercise of kinkeeping.  I'm smiling thankfully because I am happy and rich in the favour of a good life.

I'm confidently showing the brilliant colours of genuine thankfulness and freedom for all the goodness that they are worth.  I'm surely ignoring the busy toxic spirits, and embracing the ever-preferred clan unity and wholesome memories of the beloved bunch.

I am truly rejecting the deadly poisons of negativity and deceitful division.  I'm holding hands dedicatedly with the noble qualities of common sense and fruitful worthwhileness.

My positive thumbs are up because I really approve of the hopeful positivity in the atmosphere.  I want the world to know that I am assuredly relishing in the niceness of the heavenly peace and ongoing high spirited life with caring people.

I am declining unpleasant disunity and ongoing bloody wars.  I am saying without doubt - that people who are gathered in honourably abiding family values - are deservingly strong and secured for years to come.

I am proudly showing that I care to be here.  I am presenting complete delight which I am proud to portray here - faithfully with a smile.

I am saying that if this photo is going to be about a thousand words - then those words must be filled with the righteousness of oneness.  I am seeing hope and an enriching future in our group's commitment to stay dutifully together for the lasting benefit of every member.

I am clothed gloriously in love - so I'm using the photo opportunity to say thank you to everyone who would have held me up strong and optimistic throughout the years.  I have good reasons to be thankful to so many kind folks, and a photo opp of exultation to the good-hearted is always an ideal way to say, 'respect!'

I feel comfortable at home while being without regret - away from my home.  I am posing approvingly for a friendly photo shot as if I am in my very own sacred backyard.  There are so many other ideal places that I call home, for I am made to feel that royal way by all welcoming hosts.

I am boldly holding my head up as I have a lot to be happily grateful about.  I'm wearing clean clothes that are neatly pressed, and I have not sat on and broken any useful shades or glasses for a while.

The brilliant colours of my shirt blend agreeably with the rest of the calm, cool, and colourfully collected environment. I am outfitted compatibly for the occasion.

My tan hat is in full agreement with the wholesome treats of the happenings.  The togetherness program is a familiar thing from head to toe - that is worthy of the jubilant repetition.

This is a legit photo of complete soberness in an arena of great liquified temptation.  It does not mean that I will not give in to the enticement later.  The thing that's on my mind - is hidden somewhere behind me.

My moustache is now salt and pepper of the colour.  So is my beard.  The living is pleasing nonetheless - so cheers.

The naturally salt and pepper coloured looking wall behind me is part of an almost 400 years old fortress on a hill in the city of Nassau - overlooking the main harbour entrance.  It was built in the late 18th century by the British colonial governor, Lord Dunmore - after the American Revolution - to fend off invaders - like pirates and Spaniards.  The fort was named in honour of Charlotte, the wife of King George III.

Fort Charlotte is the largest fort among a few well preserved others on the island of New Providence.  Fort Charlotte has never seen action.  It is well kept and preserved, and is a popular tourist attraction.

The soulful music plays, and its uplifting and stirring sounds resonate in the open air - complementing an already groovy setting.  The approval of the music sets the right continence for the day.  I am all smiles because it's another beautiful one.

My pleasurable thoughts are focusing fully on the cloud nine event - on the here and now exclusively!

The coolers are fitfully filled with ice between the protective walls of the fort, and we are all set for the long-haul fest - until.  The pic is truly a reflection of our typical well-blended gathering; the mood is always one of merriment and sunny solidarity.

I know that there is more to this photo than what I have told above.  I am aware that I have a passive reading issue when it comes to text documents.  It follows therefore, that the same might apply to photos.  Hence, I have committed myself to more looks at the subject image from time-to-time - with the view of expanding its story.

Yes, show-and-tell the good news is the name of the game without more of the same.  An optimistic story or a picture worth sharing - is something that one should see as a noble cause in the interest of fertile literature, and the living peace over the losing wars of the dead.

The captioned photo says, 'Let the good time roll in peace.' And it did - as the status quo remained pleasantly unbroken throughout.

22 August, 2024

Why We Call It Artificial Intelligence (AI)?

Will Artificial Intelligence - AI replace Humans?

Artificial Intelligence, AI is not smart like humans

By Dr. Kevin Turnquest-Alcena

Nassau, NP, The Bahamas

Early humans used basic tools to improve their chances of survival. The discovery of fire, the creation of rudimentary weapons, and the development of agriculture were significant milestones in human ingenuity.

Advances in mathematics, science, and engineering during the Renaissance laid the groundwork for modern AI. Innovations such as Leonardo da Vinci's mechanical knight illustrate early attempts to create automated systems.

The Industrial Revolution marked a period of rapid technological advancement. The development of mechanical looms, steam engines, and early computers like Charles Babbage's Analytical Engine represented significant steps toward automation and computation.

Computer Age (20th Century):

The mid-20th century saw the development of electronic computers and the birth of AI as a formal field of study. Alan Turing's work on machine logic and the Turing Test provided a foundational framework for understanding machine intelligence.

21st Century and Beyond:

Today, AI encompasses a wide range of technologies, including machine learning, natural language processing, and robotics. These advancements have the potential to revolutionize industries and improve quality of life on a global scale.

Man Versus Machine: Perspectives from Dr. Frank Chatonda

Dr. Frank Chatonda, a long-time computer and telecommunications technology research engineer, offers a unique perspective on the comparison between human and machine intelligence. According to Dr. Chatonda, the perception that computers are more intelligent than humans is a misinformed view. He argues that human thinking is likely faster than the speed of light, while computers execute simple instructions measured in machine cycles. By which time the human thought has transverse the galaxies and back.

Human Thinking vs. Machine Execution:

Human Thinking: The human mind can process complex thoughts and ideas, often subconsciously and at incredible speeds. This continuous, interactive thought process enables humans to innovate, create, and solve problems in ways that machines cannot.

Machine Execution: Computers, while capable of executing instructions rapidly, do so in a linear and predefined manner. They do not possess the ability to think or understand; they merely follow programmed instructions.

Dr. Chatonda suggests that what we call computer intelligence should more accurately be described as the apparent speed of execution relative to human reaction times. This distinction highlights the difference between human cognitive abilities versus machine output processing.

Dr. Chatonda also points out the limitations of digital computing, which increasingly relies on processing binary probabilities and polynomial approximations. He suggests that we may soon reach the limits of digital computing and need to revisit analog computing concepts. Analog computing, more akin to biological processes, could offer a path forward, leveraging continuous variables and more naturalistic problem-solving methods.

The Difference Between Human Learning and Machine Learning

Human Learning: Human learning is a complex, adaptive process that involves the integration of knowledge, skills, and experiences. Bloom's Taxonomy classifies learning into six cognitive levels: knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis, and evaluation. This hierarchical model emphasizes the importance of higher-order thinking skills, such as critical thinking and problem-solving.

Human learning is also influenced by genetic development and adaptation. The human brain's ability to form new connections and adapt to new information is a key factor in our capacity for learning and innovation.

Machine Learning: Machine learning, on the other hand, involves training algorithms to recognize patterns and make predictions based on data. Unlike human learning, machine learning is not adaptive in the same way. Machines do not possess instincts or consciousness; they rely on vast amounts of data and predefined rules to perform tasks.

AI-driven data search engines use computer logic to process information and provide results. These systems operate based on binary logic and statistical models, which allow them to handle large datasets and complex computations quickly. However, they lack the ability to understand context or reason beyond their programming.

The Future is happening Now

In this section, we have explored the historical context of AI, highlighting its deep roots in human history and the continuous evolution of tools and systems that have paved the way for modern AI. We also compared human learning and machine learning, illustrating the profound differences in their processes and capabilities. This perspective challenges the notion that AI is a recent invention and emphasizes its potential to enhance human equality and understanding. Additionally, we discussed Dr. Frank Chatonda's insights on the true nature of computing and human cognition, shedding light on common misconceptions and the future of computing.

Finally, we celebrated the miracle of human intelligence, emphasizing the unparalleled nature of human creativity and ingenuity. From prehistoric tools to modern AI, human innovation has continually driven progress. As we look to the future, the integration of AI and other advanced technologies promises to further enhance our capabilities and improve our quality of life.

These references and insights provide a comprehensive overview of the evolution of AI, its historical context, and its future potential. They highlight the continuous growth of human creativity and the ongoing impact of technological advancements on society.

Discuss why We call the neophyte but promising Technology AI, instead of something more realistic like "Language Process Search Engines", Example explain it is because of the same reason copiers, might be called Xerox or vacuum cleaners might be called hoovers. In this case, the Co-Developer of the first symbolic computation and manipulation language "LISP" meaning List Programming, because of it's dynamic and high level transformational variable handling during execution, John McCarthy (1955) called the Language LISP AI (To point that the language could change some logic while executing, as a result it is still used today, And the AI name has ever since been associated with any symbolic and language processing, with foundations from this early Dartmouth College pioneers. However, suffice to say AI is indeed still at it's toddler stages. Another contributor to AI is Adam Minisky, whose great work contributed to robotics advancement at MIT and his groundbreaking in "Society OF Mind Theory" that has expanded logic patterns being in use today. Arthur Samuels (1959) developed machine learning at IBM, Other notable contributors include Claude Shanon, who also developed a practical digital (Boolean) Logic circuit. Joseph Weizenbaum developer of Eliza mimicking human conversation with a computer program. While American history focus on American Technology development, There are many contributions from other nations and communities. Worth of mention such as Dr. Philip Emeagwali (Nigeria) inventor of networked computing processors and Nobel Peace Prize for Computing which enabled AI engines to support many sessions, an essential element of cloud computing like AI

Modern Implications of AI: Today, AI is often portrayed as a revolutionary force that could potentially surpass human intelligence. However, this apocalyptic view misses the point. AI, as we know it, is an extension of human capability, designed to assist and augment human decision-making rather than replace it. Emmanuel Levinas, a philosopher, proclaimed that "We are all connected," suggesting that conflicts arise from misunderstandings of this concept. AI has the potential to bridge these gaps and foster a more connected and equitable world. As well it’s capabilities with see potential interfaces with our bodily functions, to replace body parts from limps, to kidneys, hearts and maybe lungs, while it is quite feasible to envision creation of a robot or computer which can make a human feel as if they are having a conversation, It is almost (never say never) but currently mathematically impossible to ever create a machine that feels anything at all.

Industrial Revolution:

The Industrial Revolution marked a period of rapid technological advancement. The development of mechanical looms, steam engines, and early computers like Charles Babbage's Analytical Engine represented significant steps toward automation and computation.

Computer Age (20th Century):

The mid-20th century saw the development of electronic computers and the birth of AI as a formal field of study. Alan Turing's work on machine logic and the Turing Test provided a foundational framework for understanding machine intelligence.

21st Century and Beyond:

Today, AI encompasses a wide range of technologies, including machine learning, natural language processing, and robotics. These advancements have the potential to revolutionize industries and improve quality of life on a global scale.

The Evolution of AI: From Theory to Practical Applications

Theoretical neural networks, mathematics, and computers were initially developed as independent fields. Their integration and practical applications in industry evolved significantly between 1950 and 1980. One of the noteworthy early advancements in AI was the development of code-breaking machines towards the end of World War II. These machines, used to decode German messages in the UK, were early examples of applied AI and computational ingenuity.

The first practical neural network was developed by Frank Rosenblatt in 1957. Rosenblatt's Perceptron model was designed to simulate the thought processes of the human brain, marking a significant step forward in neural network research. Around the same time, Arthur Samuel's work on machine learning demonstrated that computers could learn from experience and improve their performance over time. Samuel's checkers-playing program, which used a form of reinforcement learning, was one of the first instances of a computer program that could adapt and optimize its strategies based on past outcomes.

Despite these advancements, the practical utility of AI and robotics remained a challenge well into the 1970s. The limitations of hardware, the complexity of algorithms, and the need for substantial computational power hindered the widespread adoption of AI technologies. It wasn't until the development of more powerful computers and more sophisticated algorithms in the late 20th century that AI began to find practical applications in various industries.

The Promising Yet Neophyte Nature of AI

While AI has made significant strides, it remains a young and evolving field. Much of its potential is still being explored, and the term AI continues to evoke a sense of futuristic promise. It is essential to recognize that AI, in its current form, is still at the "toddler" stage, with vast potential for growth and improvement. At the time of writing simple test of most AI platforms are inundated with erroneous information. Hence it is a wonderful tool but still a bridge in construction stage.

Why We Call It AI

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a term that has become synonymous with advanced technological systems capable of performing tasks that typically require human intelligence. However, the scope of AI extends far beyond what the term might suggest, and a more precise descriptor like "Language Processing Search Engines" could arguably be more appropriate for many of its current applications. Understanding why we continue to use the term AI involves examining historical, cultural, and marketing influences that have shaped the field.

The Origin of the Term "Artificial Intelligence"

The term "Artificial Intelligence" was coined in 1955 by John McCarthy, a computer scientist who co-developed the first symbolic computation and manipulation language known as LISP (List Programming). LISP was designed for AI research because of its ability to handle dynamic and high-level transformational variable handling during execution. McCarthy chose to label the field as AI to highlight the language's capacity to modify logic while executing, which gave it an appearance of intelligence. This nomenclature has stuck and remains influential to this day.

Historical Influences and Pioneers

Several early pioneers contributed to the field of AI, solidifying its name and concept:

John McCarthy (1955): As mentioned, McCarthy's work with LISP and his coining of the term AI were pivotal in defining the field.

Arthur Samuel (1959): Developed one of the first self-learning programs, a checkers-playing algorithm at IBM, which demonstrated the potential for machines to improve their performance through experience.

Claude Shannon: Developed practical digital (Boolean) logic circuits, foundational for modern computing and AI.

Joseph Weizenbaum: Created ELIZA, an early natural language processing program that mimicked human conversation, showcasing the potential for computers to engage in dialogue.

These early developments were often more symbolic and theoretical than practical, but they laid the groundwork for the expansive field of AI.

Marketing and Cultural Influences

The use of the term AI has also been influenced by marketing and cultural factors. Just as copiers are often referred to as "Xerox" machines or vacuum cleaners as "Hoovers," AI has become a brand name that signifies cutting-edge technology. This branding helps in attracting attention, funding, and talent to the field. The allure of creating machines that can "think" like humans has a profound appeal and has driven both public interest and investment. But the ”culprit” is McCarthy at Dartmouth College who dubbed the first AI programming language LISP as AI, as explained above, but most likely driven to the more novel AI term by the same reasons listed here.

The Reality of Current AI Technologies

Despite the grandiose term, much of what we call AI today could indeed be more accurately described as "Language Processing Search Engines" or similar terms. Many AI applications, particularly those in natural language processing, involve sophisticated algorithms that analyze and generate human language. These systems are excellent at pattern recognition, data processing, and executing predefined rules, but they lack true comprehension or consciousness.

The Evolution of AI Concepts and Technologies

The development of AI can be traced back to several key milestones and contributions from various fields and regions:

The Dartmouth Conference (1956): Often considered the birth of AI as an academic discipline, this conference brought together researchers who laid the foundational theories for AI.

Code-Breaking Machines in WWII: Machines like the British Bombe, used to decode German messages, were early examples of practical AI applications.

Neural Networks: The first practical neural network, the Perceptron, was developed by Frank Rosenblatt in 1957, showing that computers could simulate some aspects of human thought.

Machine Learning: Arthur Samuel's work at IBM demonstrated that computers could learn from data, a concept that is central to modern AI.

Broader Contributions to AI

AI's development is not limited to the United States. Notable international contributions include:

Dr. Philip Emeagwali: A Nigerian-born scientist who invented networked computing processors, essential for supporting multiple sessions in AI engines and contributing to the speed and efficiency of cloud computing.

Japanese Fifth Generation Computer Systems (1980s): A national project aimed at creating computers using massively parallel computing/processing, which influenced AI research globally.

Unsung Heroes of AI

While many prominent figures are well-recognized for their contributions to AI, several other significant contributors have not received the same level of attention:

Dr. Edwin Zishiri (Zimbabwe): A pioneer of an AI-based pacemaker that is saving lives today. This long-term device has stopped pacemaker patients from needing follow-up surgery periodically, as they are fitted with lifelong pacemakers.

Dr. Shirley Ann Jackson: Holder of many patents at MIT and Bell Labs, including the development of the Touch Tone Generator and portable fax.

Dr. Gladys Mae West: A mathematician whose work was instrumental in the development of the Global Positioning System (GPS).

These individuals made groundbreaking contributions that interconnect in the realms of mathematics, communication protocols, and systemic feasibility of interdependency, which are shared as partial circuits or protocols enabling the smooth operation of "The network of things" that make neural networks possible

Will AI replace Humans

Yes and No, AI even at its most integrated maturity stage perhaps less than a decade from now will not be a panacea nor apocalyptic. What AI will be is a versatile tool. And therefore only the uneducated should panic, because for millions of years we have lived with another versatile tool, which has caused much damage and so far we have used it more wisely to benefit from it’s warmth, rather than it’s scorch because it is also versatile and capable of of misuse and abuse, we call it fire. AI will be our New Fire, and can misused and abused to our detriment as well. Therefore, it is up to us to educate ourselves about the versatile technologies and tools we build.

"Artificial Intelligence" captures the imagination and conveys the transformative potential of our lives, despite being somewhat of a misnomer for many of its applications. The contributions of pioneers like John McCarthy, Arthur Samuel, and many others have laid a strong foundation, but as we move forward, it is crucial to maintain a realistic perspective on what AI can achieve and recognize that it’s ongoing revolution is a function of a sound and well-grounded educated perspective of the difference between humans and machines.

While a machine can make you feel as if you are conversing with someone, might even conjure all kinds of emotions within you, the machine will never feel anything about you. It is just a machine with no emotions. The more you learn how to build better machines and how best to use them the better you will be. Welcome to School of The Future Today!

References

McCarthy, J. (1955). "A Proposal for the Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence."

Samuel, A. L. (1959). "Some Studies in Machine Learning Using the Game of Checkers." IBM Journal of Research and Development, 3(3), 210-229.

Weizenbaum, J. (1966). "ELIZA—A Computer Program for the Study of Natural Language Communication Between Man and Machine." Communications of the ACM, 9(1), 36-45.

Pickover, C. A. (2019). "The History of Artificial Intelligence."

Emeagwali, P. Contributions to networked computing processors.

Zishiri, E. (n.d.). AI-based pacemaker innovations.

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A Real Success Story of E-commerce in the Southern Cone of Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay, and Uruguay

The future holds further growth and greater opportunities for companies in Latin America and the Caribbean as they continue to consolidate their position as major players in global e-commerce

E-commerce in the Southern Cone

by Florencia Attademo-Hirt - Fabrizio Opertti

In recent years, a boom in e-commerce has swept the world, transforming how businesses operate and people shop. 

The Southern Cone countries—Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay, and Uruguay—are no strangers to this digital revolution.  E-commerce is becoming increasingly important in these economies, creating new opportunities for businesses to reach customers worldwide, diversify their export markets, and boost sales.  It’s also driving growth in logistics, payment systems, and financial services.

The spread of e-commerce is hugely significant.  According to the latest estimates, e-commerce sales in Latin America and the Caribbean will exceed US$117 billion by 2023 and are expected to almost double by 2028.  This growth could potentially lower the cost of products for Latin Americans by increasing efficiency, cutting out intermediaries, and reducing transaction costs.  It also gives consumers access to a greater quantity and variety of goods and services.

The region is still facing challenges: the data shows that domestic and cross-border e-commerce in Latin America and the Caribbean represent just 0.77% of GDP, one of the lowest shares in the world, compared to 3.11% globally.  There are also significant differences between countries: Argentina, Brazil, and Mexico alone account for more than 70% of the region’s e-commerce.

To better understand the progress made by companies in this field in the Southern Cone, a new IDB report takes stock of the current status of this form of trade.  The report is based on data on the adoption of e-commerce and online transactions, as well as a proprietary survey examining how companies in the five countries use e-commerce and the challenges they face in building their online sales.  It also discusses the outcomes of specific government policies and makes several policy recommendations to boost cross-border online sales.

The survey led to some interesting findings:

- E-commerce is widespread: almost half of microbusinesses use a marketplace as part of their sales operations to individual consumers, while that percentage is around 70% for medium and large companies.  Companies of all sizes, from small businesses to large corporations, are embracing the opportunity to reach consumers online.

- International expansion: One third of the companies surveyed that use marketplaces for sales report that they are expanding their operations internationally through e-commerce.  This approach enables companies to enter new markets, increase their opportunities for growth, and diversify their revenue streams.

- Greater customer acquisition, revenues, export opportunities, and lower costs: whether through marketplaces or their own online stores, sellers report that e-commerce brings significant benefits in terms of new customers, sales, and export opportunities.  They’ve also forged closer ties with local suppliers, which positively impacted their communities.  About one-fifth of companies selling through online marketplaces have hired new services in their home markets, and one-fourth have increased the services they use as a result of selling online.  In contrast, companies using social networks as a sales channel are less likely to see these benefits.  However, even these businesses say that they have gained new customers, improved the customer experience, and increased sales to existing customers due to using these channels.

- Logistics challenges: 60% of companies selling goods say that high domestic logistics costs have cost them growth, while 57% attribute this loss to the quality of international logistics and 56% to the cost of these.

- Data movement and cybersecurity challenges: the top challenges for services companies are moving data across borders (64% of respondents), the quality of internet connections (60%), managing market access rules (55%), and cybersecurity (54%).

The survey reveals that e-commerce is a real success story in the Southern Cone.  Businesses of all sizes are using this online revolution to expand their operations.  However, the private sector’s logistical, regulatory, and data security challenges should not be overlooked.

The future holds further growth and greater opportunities for companies in Latin America and the Caribbean as they continue to consolidate their position as major players in global e-commerce.

For these reasons, the IDB is deeply committed to strengthening e-commerce in Latin America and the Caribbean.  We firmly believe in creating and nurturing connections between Latin American and Caribbean companies and helping them find new business partners and export markets.  To achieve this, we build business networks, create spaces for dialogue, and facilitate matchmaking among companies in the region.  We also help generate empirical evidence to inform public policy.  For example, we’ve carried out studies on logistical barriers to e-commerce, financial tools for businesses, and the challenges of online payments.  We’ve also emphasized the importance of rules defining online intermediaries’ work and responsibilities and their impact on the digital economy, including creating and distributing third-party content used by platforms and access to this.

We also created ConnectAmericas, a regional and global platform that has become the region’s leading online network for entrepreneurs.  It has more than 800,000 registered users and received more than 14 million visits.  Online platforms like ConnectAmericas play a crucial role in reducing search costs, which makes it easier for companies to export.  A study of companies using ConnectAmericas found that their exports increased by 17% after joining the platform.

E-commerce is not only a critical export channel for the region, it’s also a potentially significant growth engine for businesses.

In light of this positive outlook, we at the IDB will continue to work closely with the private and public sectors to foster this momentum.  Our goal is to help build a more inclusive and developed region where e-commerce drives progress and prosperity for all.

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