Trump's World

Trump Rules!

Trump For a New Division of The World

By Elson Concepción Pérez
January 9, 2025

We are "living" in the 21st century and, for Donald Trump, the almost new president of the United States, life and the integration of the world must go backwards, and he is trying to recycle the colonialist formulas of yesteryear, with the addition that this time money is the main factor when it comes to appropriating foreign territories and reformulating even the geography itself, as if it were a poker game or the stock market.

It is almost impossible for the reasoning of a human being to be able to "digest" that we have reached 2025 with wars, genocide, sanctions and threats, all with the participation and direction of the American governments, and that, far from using all the resources to stop the human carnage that is being staged in Palestinian territory, new threats, this time territorial ones that would surely become war scenarios or, at least, of destabilization, are coming to the public arena.

Trump's proposal is a provocative attempt to retake the Panama Canal, the inter-oceanic waterway that the Isthmian country recovered when Presidents Omar Torrijos and Jimmy Carter signed on October 1, 1979, the Treaties that established that the Central American country would take full control of it on December 31, 1999.

It is a waterway through which 6 % of world trade transits, and almost 60 % of the containers transported from Asia to the East Coast of the United States.

Even though the Panamanian president, José Raúl Mulino, rejected Trump's threats and assured that "the sovereignty and independence of the country are not negotiable", the Republican magnate reiterated that "the plan to recover the Panama Canal is currently under consideration", and did not rule out the possible use of military force to achieve it, according to Sputnik reports.

In our own region, Trump's policy has led him to expose another of his hegemonic blunders: "I am going to announce in the next few days that we are going to change the name of the Gulf of Mexico to the Gulf of America."  "What a beautiful name!  It's appropriate," Trump said in a press conference.

All these ideas are accompanied by economic and financial threats, such as "imposing harsher tariffs, if the Aztec country does not accept."

Trump also suggested that Canada could become the 51st state of the U.S.  "If we remove the artificially drawn line, and analyze what it looks like, we will also greatly improve national security.  Let's not forget: basically, we protect Canada," the magnate assured.

In this regard, Justin Trudeau, who until two days ago was Canadian Prime Minister, exclaimed that "there is not the slightest possibility that Canada will become part of the United States".

Another obsession that Trump had already raised in his first term, is that of "buying" Greenland, or, in other words, the accession of that territory.  Defiantly, as is his wont, he said that "people don't even know if Denmark has any rights to that territory, but if they do, they should give it up, because we need it for national security, that is, for the free world."

Let us conclude with the following appreciation: this is the beginning of a new year, 2025.  It is the prelude to a Republican administration in the United States, under the leadership of Donald Trump, the man who, even without reaching the White House, plans to undertake a new "sharing of the world", something very similar to a new colonization, this time not carried out by European metropolises, but under total American leadership.

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The Destructive Impact of Disinformation

Disinformation is more than “fake news”

Global citizenship skills in education: What Does Civic Literacy Mean in the Disinformation Age?

By  Dr. Jannie Lilja

Disinformation can have a range of destructive impacts.  Lies about the harmful consequences of vaccines may negatively affect public health.  Disinformation may erode trust in the state, in political processes, and polarize society.  False information can incite violence.  What is put on the line is accountable and representative governance.

Disinformation is more than “fake news”.  It is about the whole information environment that people find themselves in, ranging from news to entertainment, rumors, satire, and conspiracy theories.  Much of this is conveyed on social media platforms through images, texts, videos and audio clips.  Its evolving nature is propelled by rapid technological development and this can be defined as false information with the intent to harm.  Disinformation is often emotionally charged to increase people´s propensity to buy into the messaging and to unknowingly pass it on to others.

What is the role of education in efforts to counter disinformation?

There are two basic approaches to countering disinformation: Top down and bottom up.

Top-down measures include various kinds of regulatory or policy measures.  Many of them aim at controlling or restricting information flows.  Such measures can also consist of incentivizing certain behaviours.  For example, through carefully designed online architectures, social media platforms can provide warnings, corrections, or nudges to make individuals deliberately consider and evaluate content before they share, rate, or comment on it.  Another top-down policy measure is to make media literacy mandatory in school curricula, an option used by a growing number of governments.  This brings us on to the bottom-up measures.

Bottom-up measures can be called ‘literacy enhancing’.  Such measures are aimed at equipping people with a latent ability to identify disinformation.  Schools and other education institutions have vital roles to play.  Training modalities can range from classroom teaching to online modules.  Children and youth in formal education are important target groups of such interventions.  Pragmatic approaches include the integration of media and information literacy in other school subjects.  Proactive countering disinformation efforts have, for example, been undertaken in Finland where children are taught about disinformation from an early age.  The widespread preparedness and ability to, for example, detect grammatical errors in online messaging, led to the prompt halt of a foreign-sponsored disinformation campaign during Finland´s NATO accession process.

What does civic literacy  mean in the disinformation age? 

There are vivid discussions about the specific types of civic literacy needed to cope in today´s disinformation environment.  Attempts are made at comparing the relative merits of media literacy, digital literacy, and information literacy.  Others are putting more of a focus on the role of citizenship, as reflected in studies on civic media literacy, civic social media literacy, and civic data literacy.

What is clear is that knowledge and skills of different kinds are needed for citizens to keep pace with the growing volumes of both fake and real information.  A recent study by Lilja, Eklund and Tottie (2024) finds that there is no common understanding of what disinformation is, but also that there is no clear understanding of what constitutes authentic information.  However, most people recognize their lack of knowledge and skills and want to improve.

It is equally clear that education systems and schools must play a central role in ensuring that every child and adolescent develop civic literacy.  A broad set of cognitive skills, emotional self-awareness, and technical know-how is required for citizens to navigate the massive flows of true, false and simply irrelevant information.  People need to be able to spot lies but they also need to be able to trust authentic information.  The discriminatory capacity to separate fake from real is key.

Summing up and ways forward 

1.  Disinformation is more than we think.  The rapid evolution of the disinformation landscape is driven by new technological developments combined with human-made strategies.  Disinformation goes beyond fake news to encompass the entire information environment.  Continuous exposure to disinformation may subconsciously affect the judgement of individuals.

2.  Civic literacy in the disinformation age is also more than we think.  Civic literacy today is extremely demanding.  A very broad set of skills and knowledge is needed for a person to act as a responsible citizen.  Knowledge of how to identify both disinformation and reliable information is required.

3.  Urgent and concerted measures by a variety of actors are needed – and educators have central roles to play.  Teaching children and youth civic literacy skills is necessary.  However, adults outside the formal education system are a neglected constituency that also needs educators´ attention.  Tailored and engaging online and offline efforts aimed at different constituencies will be critical.

A joined-up cross-sectoral approach is needed to counter the forces that disinform, divide, and ultimately attempt to dismantle democracy. 

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The Bahamas Rejects The Trump Administration Transition Team Proposal on Deportation Flights

The Bahamas Rejects The Trump Administration Transition Team Proposal on Deportation Flights of Migrants from Other Nations

The Office of the Prime Minister wishes to address recent reports regarding a proposal from the Trump transition team in the United States for The Bahamas to accept deportation flights of migrants from other countries.  This matter was presented to the Government of The Bahamas but was reviewed and firmly rejected by the Prime Minister.

The Bahamas simply does not have the resources to accommodate such a request.  The Prime Minister priorities remain focused on addressing the concerns of The Bahamian people.

Since the Prime Minister’s rejection of this proposal, there has been no further engagement or discussions with the Trump transition team or any other entity regarding this matter. The Government of The Bahamas remains committed in its position.

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Maximising opportunities in The Bahamas and Caribbean - to professionally serve the financially lucrative retiring demographic in North America, and throughout the world

THERE ARE NOT ENOUGH PEOPLE ON EARTH!

Owing to a number of factors, world population for the first time since the 14th century is shrinking: Call it “the age of depopulation.”

What lies ahead is a world made up of shrinking and aging societies...

By Professor Gilbert Morris
Nassau, NP, The Bahamas

For 21 years I’ve been speaking about the “demographic bomb”.  I introduced the topic at a Rotary Lecture at East Villa, Nassau in 2003; after 17 years absence from The Bahamas.  Basically I argued that over the next 40 years, 100 million people in North America and nearly 1 billion people worldwide would hit retirement age.

Let’s set the stage for this discussion:

My thesis - really a recognition of a demographic fact - was aimed at The Bahamas and Caribbean maximising opportunities to serve this retiring demographic; which in the case of the U.S., must and will move south, but can’t really live in Florida or boiling hot Texas.  If we Caribbean nations had prepared for them, in The Bahamas alone, that would require about 100 new “Lyford Cays”; designed this time with Bahamian certified “Occupational Licences” (see Dr Peter Blair) in mind; ensuring mass rapid professionalisation of the Bahamian labour force.

This would mean about $100 billion in economic opportunity in 20 years!

There are a few additional benefits, as I like to kill all the birds with one stone! (For the literalists, ain’t no one actually killing birds):

1. Financial Services - the 100 million retirees, besides the direct economic impact on construction services, would/could actually produce a larger impact in financial services than in all previous years combined.  The reason is the “double transfer”:

a. $40 trillion from Baby Boomer’s parents to boomers

b. $27 trillion from Boomers to their children

This opens an unprecedented vista of options for Caribbean jurisdictions for which only Cayman Islands is primed.

2. Occupational Licensing - Dr. Peter Blair will eventually win the Nobel Prize in Economics for his work in the area.  But to simply it: imagine 10,000 retirees in The Bahamas, all of whom need services like nurses assistants, physicians assistants, certified caretakers, chiropractors, certified massage therapists, certified exercise physiologists, certified nutritionists, dialysis technicians, smart home technicians, certified gardeners etc.  That does not include: estate managers, financial planners, trust protectors, family office experts, personal assistants etc. and those don’t include: electricians, plumbers, computer technicians, beauty stylists, private butlers and drivers.

Considered carefully, I’ve argued publicly and privately formallly and informally that this opportunity should be the main focus of our governments for the next 10 years, because in executing this opportunity, we’d likely triple Bahamian GDP…rather than wasting time on cruise ship tourists!

But what I did not see coming was the impact that several regionally discrete dynamic phenomena would have in limiting the number of humans on earth at a pace exceeding that of the organic passing of retirees!

Owing to a number of factors, world population for the first time since the 14th century is shrinking: Call it “the age of depopulation.”

At that time, the Black Death in 1347 wiped out nearly 1/3rd of humans in the known world.  I explained this on the “Hitback” with Nahaja Black in 2020. Since 2020, we’ve seen a series of new phenomena:

1. The One Child policy in China has left a shortage in population

2. The Policy related to girls in China means nearly 200 million men who will never have wives or girlfriends, same for India, Russia and Ukraine

3. Drug wars in Mexico, Colombia and invasions in the Middle East and Central Asia has left high rations for women to men

4. Birth rates in the West and in Asia are falling precipitously

5. Social Media is promising girls that they can establish “choice and engagement” boundaries that hurt women in the long run by re-prioritising families too late for demographic balance.  Economists have become enamoured of dating sites…because the data is a 30 year true account of the social world and human choices, where the input is voluntary: the data shows 80% of woman of all ages are attracted to about 4% of men (tall, handsome and rich), but that 4% of men are attracted to mostly young women, but as many young women as possible.  That is, the 80% of women delusionally believe they are all 10s and that the 4% of men should prefer them.  This means 96% of men go with no or very little interaction or gain interaction only after the women are rejected by the 4% of men.  Social media platforms and dating sites (all social media are dating sites) are able to track these relationships and the men who are left out are and are becoming more and more hostile to women; whom they believe do not really prefer them, but give them attention only after rejection by ‘elite men’.

This sort of knowledge has never existed in such a scale.  I don’t care about the reasons, just the effects…which are that it has a destructive impact in relationships, because both parties are looking beyond each other constantly across social media platforms for someone better.

That loss of trust, commitment or even convenient settling and so means fewer families!

In the November/December issue of Foreign Affairs Magazine - the influential journal for intellectual foreign policy - scholar Nicolas Eberstadt writes: “With birthrates plummeting, more and more societies are heading into an era of pervasive and indefinite depopulation, one that will eventually encompass the whole planet.  What lies ahead is a world made up of shrinking and aging societies.  Net mortality—when a society experiences more deaths than births—will likewise become the new norm.  Driven by an unrelenting collapse in fertility, family structures and living arrangements heretofore imagined only in science fiction novels will become commonplace, unremarkable features of everyday life.”

I think Eberstadt is right but it goes further than he imagined.  This will affect labour markets, social welfare systems, the economics of wages and income and the prices of land and other asssets.  It will impact insurance, banking and commercial services to degrees heretofore unknown.

Eberstadt wrote further: “Human beings have no collective memory of depopulation.  Overall global numbers last declined about 700 years ago, in the wake of the bubonic plague that tore through much of Eurasia.  In the following seven centuries, the world’s population surged almost 20-fold.  And just over the past century, the human population has quadrupled”.  That is now at an end and the great population shrinkage has begun.

It is my job as a methodologist and strategist to notice things that are not noticeable readily:

1. If The Bahamas and the Caribbean fail to execute on this gift - a situation in which we don’t have to generate economic demand - we’ll be locked in circumstances in which we will have to deal with our own depopulation and find a way to pay for it, when we could have leveraged both American depopulation and subsidise our own, plus gain economic expansion

2. We would have missed the chance to reform our education and training system and raise nearly 70% of Bahamians to a level of certified professionalism

3. No one has coupled the (1) retiree phenomenon, with (2) fertility crisis to the (3) automation/digitisation dynamic, unfolding currently.

It is an interesting question whether we would get “balancing offsets”, meaning in productivity terms, technology could replace humans who are retired or unborn owing to fertility loss…but only in productivity terms.

It’s a complex question - which could be rationalised through advanced deferential equations - to determine whether automation could replace workers, but wouldn’t provide consumers to consume at those sustained productivity levels…even though retirees would still consume.  That is because fertility loss means there would be no “replacement” humans or family systems - which coordinates consumer demand - and the world population would shrink…demanding radical system and structural adjustments.

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The Labour Market, Employment and The Strength of The Bahamas Economy

Employment and the Labour Market in The Bahamas

The job market in The Bahamas should be more occupied with Bahamian labor than foreign ones, and the Bahamian middle class must be reinforced to make The Bahamas more economically balanced

By Jamal Moss
Nassau, The Bahamas

The challenges of Bahamian labor markets comprise various complex issues that affect the strength of its economy.  This article delves into one of the issues that is critical - measures to build up the middle class in the wake of taxation and inflation.  Thus, this issue is noted, and corresponding gradual commonsense changes are suggested, considering the nature of the Bahamian labor market and possible directions for its development. 

Strengthening the Middle Class

The current economic climate shows that the middle class faces hardships as taxes and inflation rates continue to rise in The Bahamas.  These costs, such as housing, medical care, food, and other essentials, burden middle-income earners and slow their income growth.  Increased taxes for middle-income earners and small business owners intensify the financial challenges.  The government needs to enact policies that reduce the tax burden, tame inflation, encourage the construction of affordable housing for its population and solve the problem of rather costly health care.

Offering tax credits for small businesses, decreasing barriers to underestimating small companies, and assisting development in the middle class contribute to the economy's steady growth.

Solutions

1. Prudent tax incentives are required to lower critical costs for middle-income earners and small businesses.  Broadening the base means decreasing the VAT rates on food and other necessary products and services that affect citizens' daily lives. 

2. Support in the form of tax credits for homeownership and education costs can further ease the burden on family spending and make more provisions for their future.  Further, tax incentives for small businesses will ensure that they operate, thus creating employment opportunities for the country’s citizens.

3. An affordable housing project is needed so that more middle-income earners can own houses.  The price for constructing affordable housing projects can be lowered through government grants or by providing soft loans for first-time home buyers.  Success in mortgage approval and a decrease in down payments shall continue to ease homeownership.  It also helps with the stability and financial side of the family.  It also helps with the economy, not to mention the expansion of home builders and services that result from the increase in home construction.

4. The general welfare of the income earners will need to address issues that affect inflation and, consequently, the cost of living.  Sherman (2022) states in the Nassau Guardian that there is a possibility of maintaining stable prices and thus avoiding inflation by controlling and setting the prices of the goods and services necessary for the population.  Simplifying the expected price range with the help of introducing ceilings or floors for prices for foodstuffs, medications, and utilities can make the profile more affordable.  Measures, such as removing VAT off medical services, will reduce healthcare costs and reduce pressure on the financial burden.  It will improve local production, reduce importation, ensure the stability of prices, and create employment opportunities through the grants, loans, and venture and technical support that will be rendered to the business.

Awareness creation among members of the public in these areas of financial management, investment, and the available government assistance will equip middle-income earner families with the knowledge and thus help them be in good standing to face the present economic challenging hard times.

Conclusion

The brain drain issue should be addressed continuously and practiced to achieve justice.  The job market should be more occupied with Bahamian labor than foreign ones, and the middle class must be reinforced to make The Bahamas more economically balanced.  By funding education, implementing sound policies and policies, and deploying other specialized measures, employment in The Bahamas can be made to serve the interests of all its citizens.  A detailed planning process integrated with stakeholders can ensure that progressive improvements are brought to enhance the online education system, hence improving economic growth and security.

2025 Public Holidays in The Bahamas

2025 Official Holidays in The Bahamas

2025 Holidays in The 242

The Enduring Impact of Colonial Governance Structures on Post-colonial States

The persistence of political clientelism, nepotism, and bureaucratic inefficiency in The Bahamas and the wider region can be traced back to their colonial past, where these practices were instrumental in maintaining control over the population...

The Enduring Legacy of Colonial Bureaucracy in Post-Colonial States: A Comparative Analysis of CARICOM, The Bahamas, Singapore, and India

By Dr. Kevin J. Turnquest Alcena
Nassau, NP, The Bahamas
Refreshed Date: 03 September, 2024

Abstract

This paper explores the enduring effects of colonial governance structures on post-colonial states, with a particular focus on The Bahamas and the wider Caribbean Community (CARICOM), alongside Singapore and India. The study contrasts the experiences of these former British colonies, highlighting how each region has navigated its colonial legacy. While Singapore and India have successfully reformed their colonial systems to foster economic growth and political stability, many CARICOM nations, including The Bahamas, remain entrenched in bureaucratic and nepotistic frameworks that stifle innovation and development. The paper further investigates the role of political clientelism, nepotism, overregulation, and other colonial-era practices in maintaining these legacies across CARICOM, and offers insights into potential pathways for reform.

Introduction

The legacy of colonialism continues to shape the political, economic, and social landscapes of many post-colonial states, particularly in the Caribbean. The Bahamas and other member states of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM) provide compelling case studies of how colonial governance structures can persist long after independence, resulting in political systems characterized by nepotism, bureaucratic inefficiency, and a lack of innovation. This paper contrasts these CARICOM states with other former British colonies, such as Singapore and India, which have successfully transitioned away from colonial governance models, fostering robust economic growth and political stability.

A Stern Charge to the Politicians of CARICOM

Nation-building in the Caribbean is hampered by various socio-political factors, chief among them being political clientelism, which often teeters on the edge of democracy by default. This issue, deeply embedded in the fabric of Caribbean politics, has exacerbated poverty across the region, a phenomenon noted by scholars such as Hinds (2018) and Lewis (2007). Nepotism and the "big shot" syndrome further entrench this quagmire, stalling meaningful progress and perpetuating decadence in governmental hierarchies (Premdas, 1996).

A closer examination of Guyana, Jamaica, and Haiti reveals the stark failures of political structures with no immediate remedies in sight. CARICOM, the regional body established to foster economic integration and political cooperation, has been largely ineffective. Scholars like Payne and Sutton (2001) have argued that CARICOM's institutional framework is weak, and its successes are limited, with The Bahamas and Cuba being the few exceptions. An example, after the Cuban revolution in 1959 Cuba has established over 3,000 institutions that are still benefiting the Cuban population today, such as science, education, medicine and healthcare. In the case of The Bahamas we still maintain our dollar on par with the US— The Bahamas is coupled with debt, bureaucracy and overregulation. The underlying cause of this failure is political clientelism—a systemic issue that we, as Caribbean nations, must acknowledge and address.

In this critical juncture of Bahamian development, it is imperative to distinguish between politics and development. The bureaucratic system, particularly in developing countries, including those in the Caribbean, has strangled national development. This is evident in the works of scholars such as Girvan (2010), who critiques the bureaucratic paralysis that plagues the region's governance structures.

Colonial Legacy and Political Clientelism in CARICOM

One of the most significant issues facing post-colonial states like those in CARICOM is the persistence of political clientelism. This system, where political leaders use state resources to secure the loyalty of clients, often at the expense of broader national interests, is deeply rooted in colonial practices. In countries like The Bahamas, this has resulted in a political environment where nepotism thrives, and decisions are often made based on personal connections rather than merit. The issue of political clientelism is not unique to The Bahamas; it pervades the entire CARICOM region, severely hampering development efforts.

Bureaucracy and Overregulation in CARICOM

The colonial legacy in CARICOM is also evident in the pervasive bureaucracy that hinders economic development and innovation. British colonial administration was known for its rigid and hierarchical structures, designed to maintain control over the colony's population. This bureaucratic culture has persisted in many CARICOM nations, where red tape and overregulation are common complaints among businesses and investors. Similar to The Bahamas, other CARICOM states have inherited complex bureaucratic systems from their colonial past, often criticized for inefficiency and corruption. While some nations like Jamaica have made efforts to reform their bureaucracies, progress remains uneven across the region.

Comparative Analysis: CARICOM vs. Singapore and India

Singapore, India, and the CARICOM nations provide a striking contrast in how post-colonial states can either transcend or remain trapped by their colonial legacies. Singapore's success in overcoming its colonial past can be attributed to its emphasis on meritocracy, strong legal institutions, and a strategic focus on economic development. India, while facing significant challenges in its post-colonial journey, has also made notable progress in reforming its governance structures, particularly through economic liberalization and the strengthening of democratic institutions. On the other hand, many CARICOM nations, including The Bahamas, have struggled to move beyond their colonial inheritance, with political and economic systems that reflect the same inefficiencies and corruption that characterized the colonial era.

The difference in outcomes between these former colonies underscores the importance of institutional reform in the post-colonial context. While Singapore and India have made strides in implementing reforms that foster growth and stability, CARICOM continues to grapple with the challenges of political clientelism, nepotism, and overregulation.

A Critical View on CARICOM's Single Market Initiative

The idea of a "single market" for the Caribbean is flawed, as the dynamics of global capitalism and the liquidity of global capital are too complex for CARICOM to manage effectively. Scholars like Worrell (2008) have critiqued the overly ambitious nature of the single market initiative, pointing out that the European Union, despite its vast resources, continues to struggle with its common market vision. The EU's challenges, despite its historical development and financial superiority, underscore the futility of a similar initiative in the Caribbean.

Foreign investment decisions are typically based on specific national criteria rather than regional affiliations. This reality undermines the rationale for a CARICOM common market. As pointed out by Alleyne and Ivey (2014), investors are primarily concerned with factors such as geographic location, amenities, safety, legal integrity, and the robustness of financial markets—all of which vary significantly across Caribbean nations.

Given these complexities, the suggestion of hemispherical integration—political and judicial rather than purely economic—is worthy of consideration. Political and judicial integration could lay a stronger foundation for future trade agreements, avoiding the pitfalls that doomed NAFTA, which lacked a political instrument to prevent multinational exploitation (Pastor, 2001).

The Bahamas, by refraining from joining a CARICOM single market economy, has positioned itself as a potential leader in the region. The Christie Administration's decision reflects an understanding of the nuances of market forces in a small economy and offers a pragmatic approach to resolving the region's economic and social challenges (Bethell, 2017). The Bahamas can best serve the region by sharing its insights on market economies, emphasizing that size and arrogance are not synonymous with success.

Conclusion

The experience of CARICOM highlights the enduring impact of colonial governance structures on post-colonial states. The persistence of political clientelism, nepotism, and bureaucratic inefficiency across the region can be traced back to its colonial past, where these practices were instrumental in maintaining control over the population. In contrast, Singapore's success in breaking free from its colonial legacy, and India's ongoing efforts to reform its inherited systems, demonstrate the potential for growth and stability when a nation is able to reimagine its governance structures. For CARICOM to move forward, significant reforms are necessary to reduce bureaucracy, promote meritocracy, and create environments that encourage innovation and investment. The continued reform efforts in India should serve as a model, focusing on further reducing bureaucratic inefficiencies and tackling political clientelism to sustain its growth trajectory.

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Works Cited

Alleyne, Dillon, and Stephen Ivey. Economic Policy in the Caribbean: The Impact on Growth and Development. Palgrave Macmillan, 2014.

Bethell, John. "Ethics and Accountability in the Caribbean: The Case of The Bahamas." Commonwealth and Comparative Politics, vol. 55, no. 3, 2017, pp. 398-414.

Girvan, Norman. CARICOM: The Struggle for Economic Integration. Ian Randle Publishers, 2010.

Harsch, Ernest. Africa’s Governance Crisis: Failures and Opportunities. Palgrave Macmillan, 2001.

Hinds, David. Ethnopolitics and Power Sharing in Guyana: History and Discourse. New Academia Publishing, 2018.

Lewis, Gordon K. Main Currents in Caribbean Thought: The Historical Evolution of Caribbean Society in Its Ideological Aspects. University of Nebraska Press, 2007.

Payne, Anthony, and Paul Sutton. Charting Caribbean Development. Macmillan Caribbean, 2001.

Pastor, Robert A. Toward a North American Community: Lessons from the Old World for the New. Peterson Institute, 2001.

Premdas, Ralph R. Ethnicity and Identity in the Caribbean: Decolonization and Cultural Diversity. University of the West Indies Press, 1996.

Worrell, DeLisle. "The Single Economy and the Caribbean Single Market and Economy." Caribbean Development Bank, 2008.